Human nature as reflected in Macbeth Essay

Human instinct has started a lot of discussion since the beginning. A few people imagine that human instinct during childbirth is completely acceptable and that every shrewd originate from postnatal instruction or the adverse impacts of parental or watchman association. This thought is clear in a Chinese saying which deciphers as â€Å"Men at their introduction to the world are normally good.† Conversely a few people contend that human instinct is at first malevolent, and give a model by refering to the perception that when an individual is extremely youthful, the person in question consistently and just requests food and is apathetic regarding the sentiments of others. Such a view deciphers this marvel to demonstrate that human instinct is initially childish. It appears to be evident that Shakespeare may have supported the second viewpoint on the grounds that in Macbeth it plainly shows that human instinct is egotistical, and despite the fact that postnatal instruction can change a human’s mind, it can just diminish or shroud their childish nature somewhat, and also, the narrow minded nature will in all probability be available when it is enacted or prodded by specific conditions. My thought regarding human instinct is reflected in Shakespeare’s character, Macbeth, who at first is an unwavering general to his ruler, Duncan, and valiantly secures his lord and nation likewise demonstrating honorability and little sign of his darker side. In Act 1 Scene 2, plainly Macbeth was a daring fighter who disregarded the peril he was in, â€Å"[f]or daring Macbeth despising Fortune, with his wielded steel, which smoked with ridiculous execution, as valour’s flunky, cut out his section till he faced† the radical chief. Macbeth’s gallant deed shows that he was faithful to his nation and the lord who considers him a â€Å"peerless kinsman† and seems to confide in Macbeth. Be that as it may, in the wake of meeting three witches, Macbeth considers killing Duncan despite the fact that he ponders to himself why he has deadly considerations. Notwithstanding his previous amazement about his musings when he is told by the witches that he will become lord Macbeth, incited by his wife’s support and furthermore her hatred at what she calls his weakness, his â€Å"brain sickliness† when he further falters choose to kill Duncan. On apprehensions he again delays and nearly persuades himself that he ought not kill the ruler with different reasons: one of them was that Macbeth was Duncan’s brother and furthermore his subject, so Macbeth ought to consistently attempt to ensure the lord as he states: â€Å"First, as I am his brother and his subject, Strong both against the deed†.(Act 1 Sc, 7) Before Macbeth’s want of seeking after majesty got wild, Macbeth was all the while attempting to control himself from submitting the deed and chooses to stay steadfast expressing that his solitary motivation to execute Duncan was to satisfy his desire. Shakespeare doesn't tell crowds where Macbeth’s unwaveringness began. Nonetheless, in Act 1 Scene 6, Macbeth continually offers his thanks to Duncan which demonstrates his thankfulness for the new title of Thane of Cawdor which the lord gave him, and the respect he achieved when Duncan went to his palace. It is clear that despite the fact that these articulations were Macbeth’s veil to shroud his genuine arrangement, Macbeth despite everything dithered before he did the homicide. It speaks to that he was to some degree hesitant to execute the lord and his faithfulness was from a significant awareness of other's expectations. In any case, the nearness of three witches and their forecasts prodded his childish nature alongside the analysis of his significant other three witches said that Macbeth would be Thane of Glamis, Thane of Cawdor, and lord bit by bit. In Act 1 Scene 3, directly after the initial two forecasts truly materialized, Macbeth expressed to himself, â€Å"If great, for what reason do I respect that recommendation whose shocking picture doth unfix my hair and make my situated heart thump at my ribs, against the utilization of nature?† This citation delineates that the homicide plan of Duncan had just settled in Macbeth’s cerebrum. He didn't do the homicide quickly in light of the fact that he despite everything required a further prod to make him put his arrangements into activities. At the point when Lady Macbeth convinced Macbeth to slaughter the lord, Macbeth couldn't avoid the craving to seek after the majesty and the incredible force he might want to get; thus. Macbeth executed the lord and got the majesty. For persuading Macbeth, Lady Macbeth essentially utilized poignancy to start Macbeth’s confidence, his certainty and his resentment. Most importantly, she expressed that if Macbeth didn't set out to do the homicide, he was a creature however not a man. She additionally said that when Macbeth set out to do it, he was a man; on the off chance that he went above and beyond by doing what he set out to do previously, he would be substantially more than a man; â€Å"What mammoth was ’t, at that point, that made you break this endeavor to me? At the point when you durst do it, at that point you were a man; and to be more than what you were, you would be quite a lot more the man.† These words truly caused Macbeth to feel disgrace, and outrage, and furthermore the craving to give himself that he was a genuine man was provoked by his greedy, boastful childish nature. Without human rationale, individuals, including Macbeth, think that its a lot simpler to do some unreasonable things, for example, murder. Besides, Macbeth had the craving to be above all else, however he despite everything stressed over his future life after the homicide in any event, when his wants were satisfied. Woman Macbeth revealed to her better half that the homicide would not be a disappointment on the off chance that he set out to do it remarking â€Å"We come up short? In any case, screw your mental fortitude to the staying place, and we’ll not fail.† This was an assurance of accomplishment for Macbeth; it really decreased Macbethà ¢â‚¬â„¢s worry about his future life after the homicide. Woman Macbeth’s convincing words are viewed as the condition that enacted the egotistical and malice part in Macbeth’s mind. As of now, Macbeth truly altered his perspective and the detestable part in his mind emerged without a doubt. In the â€Å"dagger soliloquy†, Macbeth saw a blade, which was driving him towards Duncan’s room before him. He said â€Å"Come, let me grip thee. I have thee not, but then I see thee still†; this part tells the crowd that Macbeth was not 100% prepared to murder but rather his brain had just incorporated the deed. Toward the finish of this scene, Macbeth at last â€Å"screwed his mental fortitude to the adhering point† and chose to do the homicide as he expressed to himself â€Å"I go, and it is finished. The ringer welcomes me. Hear it not Duncan, for it is a toll that summons thee to paradise or the hell.† In Macbeth’s’ mind, to challenge the majesty was a higher priority than everything else right now. His egotistical nature was satisfactorily uncovered by his homicide plan for Duncan; be that as it may, it was just the initial step in light of the fact that to continue his standard, he was going to execute others despite the fact that they were his companions since he was so firmly greedy got malicious enough to kill any individual who remained in his was.. After Macbeth recognized that his own kids would not be the ruler, yet rather, Banquo’s relatives would become rulers, this issue turned into the most basic one in his mind. Along these lines, rather than being forgiving to his old companion, Macbeth told three killers to execute Banquo and Banquo’s child, Fleance, as they came back to the château. Thus, three killers executed Banquo, however Fleance got away. This foul and terrible deed appeared to be very usefulâ for Macbeth to support his standard over Scotland. Meanwhile, Macbeth’s childish nature was plainly obvious and he accepted the witches prediction that nobody could murder him who â€Å"was of lady born† which made him certain he could remain in charge. His egotistical, selfâ€seeking nature was at a pinnacle, and he even appeared to be not interested in his wife’s passing. Nonetheless, things will create to the contrary side when it gets extraordinary. In Act 3 Scene 4, Macbeth began to see mental trips of Banquo during the dining experience, which alludes that Macbeth was undermined by his own deed that caused him to feel liable and upset. Later on, toward the finish of this play, Lady Macbeth likewise became insane in light of the fact that the individuals saw that she sleepwalked with a flame and saw all the awful deeds she had done. Consequently, plainly when an individual has extraordinary and wild narrow-mindedness, it likewise carries pretty much fiascos to himself. Taking everything into account, Macbeth’s changing procedure adequately demonstrates that human instinct is narrow minded and at times abhorrent; it can just stow away in human’s mind yet can never be entirely dispensed with. Furthermore, in certain conditions, this sort of childish nature can be reviewed and make some awful outcomes. Transformative hypothesis demonstrates that we have started from crude living beings that likewise delivered dinosaurs and crocodiles. As the posterity of such ridiculous ancestors, we have their qualities and our grisly nature is even past theirs. Macbeth’s insatiable and narrow minded nature was initiated by his significant other and the witches; at that point he made disaster to other people and furthermore to himself. As astute creatures, we ought to limit our childish nature and control ourselves; else, we will keep on making disasters of death and pulverization to fulfill ourselves.

Drug Prevention/Recovery Program Review

The Lebanese young people have been unfavorably influenced by the maltreatment of tobacco, liquor and other unsafe medications. Accordingly, preventive and rehabilitative estimates dependent on peer instruction have been set up so as to control the threat. Henceforth, a preparation program including thirty youthful activists was set up graciousness of the financing made sure about from the Oxfam pharmaceutical organization. This program planned for expanding the mindfulness on the need to quit mishandling liquor and other related drugs.Advertising We will compose a custom report test on Drug Prevention/Recovery Program Review explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More One of the messages went across in this community oriented preparing program was that there different pressure soothing ways separated from manhandling destructive medications. The program likewise planned for offering elective methods of managing pressure related components that end up being inconvenient to the youthful populace matured beneath 30 years. The key taking an interest specialist in this preparation program was the Armenian Relief Cross. What's more, other nearby partners were additionally consolidated in the program with the point of boosting the medications mindfulness battle. The mindfulness and preparing program figured out how to connect for 5,200 students. Larger part of the crowd were auxiliary school understudies. The last represented 1,250 members. Despite the fact that the young were the key objective in this program, the partners additionally thought that it was important to incorporate guardians, security officials, and scouts from all age gatherings. As per Arevian (2010), the goals of the preparation program were met as envisioned. Be that as it may, it may not be conceivable that the workshop goals were completely met in a solitary preparing project and mindfulness battle. It is without question that this medication mindfulness crusade was a stage or activit y the correct way. in the event that all the set destinations are to be met, at that point extra assets, for example, time and money related subsidizing would be required. In addition, the achievement of the program must be practical after a progression of consistent mindfulness crusades. In actuality, Arevian (2010) takes note of that absence of sufficient assets couldn't allow the way toward getting input from the adolescent who took an interest in the preparation program. In any case, the limit of the considerable number of partners who participated in the preparation activity was to a great extent supported by their significant level of collaboration and generosity towards the program. Henceforth, the targets as far as help from partners were plainly achieved. The program had a lot of qualities and shortcomings. For example, one of the qualities of the preparation and medications mindfulness crusades was that it got comprehensive help and cooperation from different partners. The lead offices turned out in enormous numbers to offer the specialized and good support.Advertising Looking for report on sociologies? We should check whether we can support you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More On a similar breath, it was very simple to enlist young members who were to offer preparing during the program. Guardians, cops, scouts, working young people and different experts likewise gave a significant lift to the mindfulness battle. Then again, the financing got from Oxfam was not satisfactory in encouraging the whole preparing and input program. This financial help served the most essential capacity of activity the mindfulness crusade. On the in general, this program could be considered to be successful remembering that it figured out how to connect for more than 5000 students. Also, the community bolster got from both neighborhood and universal partners fortified the adequacy of the venture. Henceforth, I would not stop for a second to execute this sort o f undertaking in my profession particularly when financing is accessible. Reference Arevian, M. (2010). Preparing students, youthful activists, to lead mindfulness battles about counteraction of substance maltreatment among Lebanese/Armenian youngsters. Diary of Inter-proficient Care 24(2): 173â€182. This report on Drug Prevention/Recovery Program Review was composed and put together by client Camron Knowles to help you with your own investigations. You are allowed to utilize it for research and reference purposes so as to compose your own paper; in any case, you should refer to it likewise. You can give your paper here.

Critical Commentary On English School Of International Relations

Critical Commentary On English School Of International Relations Critical Commentary On English School Of International Relations Theory â€" Coursework Example > Question 1: As Barry Buzan explains, the English School has had the ambition to be a “grand theory” of the International relations in the sense that it incorporates not only the concerns of realist power politics and those of the Neo-Liberals but also those of the liberals and constructivists and the cosmopolitan reforms. It has tried to achieve this grand thesis through bringing together what it calls the “Tree Traditions” in IR theory, as presented in Figure 1 on page 9 of Barry Buzan’s book. (from which book/file shall we find this, I’ve tried over the net, there are no “Tree Tradition” figure by Buzan) Summarise in your own words the main elements of this English School tradition up to Buzan work. Do you find this attempt at a “grand theory “necessary and valuable? (Note: do not summarize Buzan attempt to reconstruct English School theory). (400 words) Source: Toward a World Society? : An Assessment of Barry Buzan’s reconceptualization of the English Scho ol of International RelationsThe argument of the main elements of the English School tradition believes largely on power politics amongst states (Hobbes/Machiavelli); on Grotius’ institutionalization of shared interest and identity amongst states; and on, Kant’s individuals, non-state organizations and ultimately the global population as a whole. The common ground for these pillars seems to all fall down under a less complex explanation that “an international society exists despite the fact that states exist in an anarchical international system”. (Bull, n.d. ). Barry Buzan’s three mains elements, on the other hand, are Realism (international system), Rationalism (international society, and Revolutionism (worldsociety). For me, Buzan’s attempt at a “grand theory” is both necessary and valuable. This attempt to unite three notable schools of thoughts would bring about a central idea on International Relations. This, in turn, may bridge the way to a functional intern ational relation. This is necessary for the development of a world, with a little pessimism brought about by realist, but with each individual believing that they have equal rights no matter where they live (rationalist) and the belief that they live in country where they have equal opportunities as the one they used to live in (revolutionist). The attempt is also valuable so that a supreme idea could be achieved. This supreme idea could also pave the way for the creation of a solution to the problem that concerns us, as a whole, as human being. We need to combat the problem not in a state level but in a collective effort. International relations need a basic principle to stand by so that every state looks in the same way, with one goal and in a single focused perspective. Question 2: Buzan is unhappy with what he considers to be inadequacy of the English School’s treatment of the concept of” World Society”. What are his criticisms in this area and do you think we need to th eory of world society to understand contemporary international relations. (300 words). Source: Toward a World Society? :An Assessment of Barry Buzan’s reconceptualization of the English School of International Relations

types of friends - 1178 Words

This is my good neighbor, George, We often talk to each other when we are cleaning up our cars on Sunday. Besides these conversations and living in the same neighborhood, there is nothing between us. Base on Viorst s description, convenient friends are those that we would not have naturally befriended, and only cross paths occasionally. These people are not really friends in the original sense of the word. These are people we get to relate with out of convenience and do not have talk to them too much about ourselves. Even Viorst admitted that: But we don t with convenience friends, ever come too close or tell too much: We maintain our public face and emotional distance.(1). Another example is my next door neighbor, Tanya. She†¦show more content†¦However, in one s life there may be a time when everything goes against our predictions. But I do not worry because close friends will come to us and help us go through our hard times as Viorst wrote: Friends furthermore take care [...] (3). During my hard time, Huy always stayed next to me: I told him that I was on the brink of total collapse as no more strength was left to withstand the hardship. He comforted me and tried to find a solution to help me because we were like brothers. I still remember the time when I was so sick. I could not go to school, so Huy was the only one that took care of me and helped me by taking notes in class. Because he had a job at that time so going to school, taking care of me, and working was too much for him. But he told me that: we are like brothers, how can I leave you alone. The duty of being friend, best friend, is not just about finding happiness but also the responsibility to help and to take care of our friend. That is what Viorst wrote in her book: It is clear that intimate friendships involve important rights and obligations (4). Close friends are friends who share the joys, the secrets, the unforgettable moments. Moreover, they give many elements to other lives and they also receive many opinions, experiences and feelings from the others. I learned from my best friend that close friends should care for eachShow MoreRelatedThree Types Of Friends : Friends1166 Words   |  5 PagesEnglish 1301 21 September 2015 Three Types of Friends Friends make up for a huge part of one s life. Friendship is one of the most valued treasures of today. We meet a lot of people in our lives, but some of the closest friends that we make are from school. We meet various people with varied characteristics when we enter school, some become dear to us, some may become our enemies (those silly childhood egos of choosing sides), and some choose to become our best friends. In a class of, say 40 studentsRead MoreTypes of Friends Essay1153 Words   |  5 Pagescan die of loneliness. What do you think about your friends? Do you like your friends? There are a lot of different types of friends. There are friends that I like and some friends with whom I do not get along. Friends with positive characteristics such as reliable, trustworthy and faithful whom I usually get along with are the one that tend to have more friends and the negative one whom I usually not get along with tend to be alone. However, friends with negative characteristic can a lso give us someRead MoreTwo Different Types Of Friends995 Words   |  4 Pages As we grow older, we find friends to discover the new stages of life with. Those same friends help define who we are as people. There are five different types of friends that will come and go in our lives. They are wild, dependable, lucky, chill, and funny. All of them add up to one amazing group of best friends. First up is the wild one. They always seems to be getting into trouble. Every once in a while a party opportunity comes up. The wild one takes the first chance they get to go. TheyRead MoreDifferent Types Of Friends Essay1377 Words   |  6 Pagesï » ¿Different Types of Friends Essay Life without a friend is like death without a witness. -Spanish Proverb. We all have friends, different people have different tastes and temperaments and hence make different types of friends. They tend to bond with some and stay away from some. With time and growing trust, some people get really close to each other and remain true friends. They stand up for each other in times of need and provide full support when you lose confidence in yourself. However, everyRead MoreThree Types of Friends Essay547 Words   |  3 PagesA friend is defined as someone emotionally close or somebody who trusts and is fond of another. The affect that a person one calls his or her acquaintance can sometimes be very deep and heartfelt. From my experience, I have encountered three types of friends: the chronic complainer, the staller, and the know it all. A chronic complainer is a he or she that is fault finding. Chronic complainers choose to blame someone else or something for his or her actions. Also, they are uncertain about whatRead More Three Types of Friends Essay examples802 Words   |  4 Pagesare basically three types of friends a person can have. There are friends that I call â€Å"sometimes† friends, these people appear to be your friend but only when you are face to face with them, and when you are not around them they act more like a foe. They are often referred to as two faced or a back stabber. These types of friends are not very reliable nor should they be trusted. Another type of friend a person can have, and the best kind, is a â€Å"true† friend. 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There are ten different types of friends that everybody should have, each fitting into one of three categories: the occasional friends, the benefactors and the greats. The first category, the occasional friends, encompasses three friend types. The first one is the grenadeRead MoreWho Has Spent Time With Friends?853 Words   |  4 PagesFriends come in all shapes, sizes, and personalities. Everyone has a variety of different friends in life. A unusual sense of humor, great advice, and honesty are all things that come to mind when you think about a friend. Friends are important to have because they are a backbone when things get tough in life and are always there to love and support. However, anyone who has spent time with friends will notice that each one has a special personality with respect to their honesty, loyalty, and careRead MoreClassification and Division: Levels of Friendship1247 Words   |  5 Pagesthink of the word â€Å"friend†. Friends are an essential part of living. They help one another when life gets rough, and it is always a good feeling to have a friend with you. We always want to share our thoughts with someone who un derstands us, and who shares common interests. Since humans are social creatures, it is no wonder friends are such a big part of their lives. One person can’t fulfill every friendship function, and that is why most people have multiple friends and each friend is different. (Booth)

Plato s System Of Metaphysics - 1049 Words

Adrian Farrales Introduction to Philosophy Metaphysics 11/6/14 Plato’s system of metaphysics revolves around the concept of Eidos, or forms. A form is the perfect and truest instance of a particular idea. In the world, we find particular instances of each form. For example, a certain pen is a particular instance of the form of pen. Every single pen in the world contributes to the form of pen. This contribution of particulars to the forms is called mathexis in Greek, or simply, participation. The participation of all particulars help to define and derive common characteristics of the form. Using the pen example, all pens function as a writing utensil, usually contain some form of ink, and generally are cylindrical. Every pen is somewhat imperfect and has flaws of some sort. Regarding ontology, these forms are the highest level of reality and the purest form of existence, while the particulars are imperfect and cheap imitations. Regarding our senses, Plato believed that the world we live in, that is the world of particulars, is an illusion because the most real world would be the world of the forms. Thus our senses are not accurate and our sense perceptions are merely copies of the forms. Plato exemplifies this in the allegory of the cave, portraying a false sense of reality. Plato believed that these forms are innate to human beings, as we were born with them. By doing philosophy, we undergo a process of recollection of these forms, ultimatelyShow MoreRelatedThe Reign Of Ancient Greek Philosophers982 Words   |  4 Pagesguardian. His sister s, Arimneste, husband became his guardian until he was legally old enough to take care of himself. Around the age of 17, he was sent to Athens to get an education. Athens was known as the academic core of the world. Aristotle enrolled in Plato s academy and was one of the top scholars. Plato s academy was one of the top learning centers at the time. Aristotle formed a relationship with Plato, who was a Greek philosopher, and taught at the academy for 20 years. Plato died in 347 BRead MoreGreek And Classical Greek Philosophy997 Words   |  4 Pagesseveral city-states, which ran separately and independent from each other. However, they shared commonalities, such as common ancestry, language, and festivals. Foreigners were all considered barbarians to the Greek. Greek Culture is reflected in today s Society in many ways. These ways include mathematics, government, medicine, art, and architecture. Without Greek Culture, we would not have the idea of mathematical proof or geometry, which are still used today. Without Greek Culture, we also wouldnRead MoreThe Utility Of Myth : Plato s Metaphysics1624 Words   |  7 PagesThe Utility of Myth in Plato’s Metaphysics ï » ¿Plato speaking from the mouth of Socrates in Phaedo, tells us, â€Å"people are likely not to be aware that those who pursue philosophy aright study nothing but dying and being dead.† (61a) As a philosopher Plato sought to offer not only descriptions of the world him around, but prescriptions as well. The above quote when understood metaphorically, for him, shows the aim of philosophy, and goal of the philosopher is and should be to scratch at the surface ofRead MoreGreece s Impact On The World1360 Words   |  6 Pagesneeded. In result to the â€Å"breakup† between Britain, the first order of government in the United States was influenced by the Athens- the cradle of democracy. Ancient democracy was constructed in Athens around 594 B.C following the reform of Solon. The system was termed as direct democracy, meaning that every male Athenian citizen was deemed the right to participate in conferences, vote in law constructing assemblies and other political decisio ns. The name democracy, comes from Demos-people Kratos-powerRead MoreStudent Teacher1669 Words   |  7 Pagesmolding the society as a whole. The education system of ancient India and Greece shared some common characteristics. In both cultures, teachers and their disciples conglomerated at specific places earmarked for educational purposes. This is where students gained both spiritual and material education from their teachers. All ancient societies functioned according to a set of moral codes and social hierarchy and teachers were at the apex of the social system. 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Plato developedRead MorePhilosophy C100 Quiz 121572 Words   |  7 Pagesstatements about Plato and Aristotle are/were true?    | They were interested in practically every subject then known. |    | They spoke (and wrote) intelligently on philosophical topics. |    | One or the other (or both) formed the metaphysics for Christian theology up to the present day. | X   | All of the above. | 16.   According to the text, the first comprehensive theory of knowledge was developed by    | Aristotle. |    | the Sophists |    | the Cynics |   X | Plato | 17.    In Platos

Eveline Analysis Free Essays

Ashley Carey ENC 1102 MW 12:30- 1:45 8/29/12 After reading â€Å"Eveline† by James Joyce I would say I was not overall shocked with the outcome of her not leaving. Throughout the story I could tell that Eveline was unsure of herself and of what she wanted. She couldn’t decide between running away to Buenos Aires with her lover, Frank or staying to make sure her family is looked after. We will write a custom essay sample on Eveline Analysis or any similar topic only for you Order Now I felt that her age is a significant factor of her choice of staying in Dublin. She didn’t understand herself enough because she didn’t experience life to see how she deals with difficult life changing situations. I felt like her choice shows herself to the audience. She could have chosen to go with Frank and come off to some readers as â€Å"following her heart†, maybe â€Å"selfish†, â€Å"thinking about her future and what she desires in life and in her heart†, â€Å"not caring for her family†. I personally feel like her decision to stay was a more â€Å"comfortable† decision for her and she wasn’t taking risks and was thinking about the love for her family and siblings and not wanting them to get hurt in anyway. If her mother hadn’t told her before she died to keep the home together as long as she could, I felt that Eveline would have ran away with Frank not feeling guilty when she left; That she didn’t do the one thing that her mother asked of her before her death. How to cite Eveline Analysis, Essay examples

The Mafia Is Name For A Loose Association Of Criminal Groups, Sometime

The Mafia is name for a loose association of criminal groups, sometimes bound by a blood oath and sworn to secrecy. The Mafia first developed in Sicily in feudal times to protect the estates of the landlords. By the 19th century the Mafia had become a network of criminal bands that controlled the Sicilian countryside. The members were bound by Omerta, a rigid code of conduct that included avoiding all contact and cooperation with the authorities. The Mafia had neither a centralized organization nor a real leader; it consisted of many small groups, each secret within its own district. By employing terroristic methods against the government figures, the Mafia attained political office in several communities, thus getting influence with the police and obtaining legal access to weapons. Benito Mussolini's Fascist government succeeded for a time in suppressing the Mafia, but the organization emerged again after World War II ended in 1945. Over the next 30 years the Mafia became a power not only in Sicily but all over Italy as well. The Italian government began an anti-Mafia campaign in the early 1980s, leading not only to a number of arrests and sensational trials, but also to the assassination of several key law-enforcement officials in getting revenge. Public outrage was tempered by the arrest in 1993 of the reputed Mafia leader, Salvatore Riina. Beginning in the late 19th century, some members of the Mafia immigrated to the United States. They soon became involved in American organized crime, especially in the 1920s during Prohibition. After the ending of Prohibition in 1933 so did most bootlegging, the Mafia moved into other areas, such as gambling, labor racketeering, prostitution, and, in recent years, narcotics. Links with the Italian Mafia were also maintained. As in Italy, prosecution of reputed Mafia leaders in the United States increased in the 1980s and 1990s. Responsible groups of Americans have, at times, waged campaigns in the media to obliterate any assumption that crime in the United States is dominated by people of Italian descent, claiming that the existence of an American Mafia had not been fully established. It has not been until later times that the realization that the mafia still exists has taken place. There were many famous figures in the mafia who had come to power. Al Capone has become one of the most famous to have gained such publicity. Al Capone was an Italian-American gangster of the Prohibition era, also known as Scarface because of a knife cut to his cheek. He was born and given the name Alphonse Capone in Naples, Italy, and raised in Brooklyn, New York. He left school at an early age and spent nearly ten years with gangs in Brooklyn. In the 1920s he took over a Chicago organization dealing in illegal liquor, gambling, and prostitution from the gangster Johnny Torrio. In the following years he eliminated his competitors in a series of gang wars, culminating in the Saint Valentine's Day massacre of 1929, that won him control of Chicago's underworld. Convicted of income tax evasion in 1931 and sentenced to 11 years in prison, he was released on parole in 1939. Crippled by syphilis, he spent the rest of his life in his Miami Beach, Florida, mansion. Some of the most brutal attacks from the mafia came in their native land in Italy. The Red Brigades, a mafia sect, launched a big wave of assaults on politicians, police, journalists, and business executives. The attacks ended with the 1978 kidnapping and murder of former Italian Prime Minister Aldo Moro. The Red Brigades subsequently disintegrated as police arrested and imprisoned members and supporters of the gang. In the late 1980s and early 1990s the Sicilian Mafia lead a series of terrorist attacks in reaction to the Italian government's prosecution of leading Mafia figures. The Uffizi Gallery in Florence was among the targets of a series of terrorist bombings in 1993 alleged to be the work of the Mafia. Vendettas were used by mafia families that were in personal wars with each other. A Vendetta was a practice of a family taking vengeance on the person who shed the blood of one of its relatives. Vengeance is taken in kind, that is, an eye for an eye, and may also

Goal Theory of Latham and Locke essays

Goal Theory of Latham and Locke essays Any discussion of goal theory would have to note the work of Latham and Locke, Abraham Maslow and Alderfer at least, along with other theories that are useful in management. Latham and Locke noted that motivation and performance are higher when individuals set specific goals, and also, that those goals must be difficult but acceptable to the person accepting them. Latham and Locke noted, also, that there must be feedback on performance, but that as long as they are accepted, demanding goals lead to better performance than easy ones. (The Manager Web site) Maslow's famous hierarchy of needs also has significant impact on the area of setting goals. The needs he identified were, from lower to higher: physiological, safety, social, esteem, and self-fulfillment. When a lower- order need had been fulfilled, he thought, then the next higher order would become dominant. (The Manager Web site) In other words, if a person is fighting for survival, literally, then goals will concern food and shelter. If those needs are met, then the goals will concern obtaining not just any haven, but a safe haven, and on up the ladder. In management, if a person's need for an income is met, then the next goal might be for pleasant working conditions, and when those are met, then perhaps the goal would be to be accepted by one's colleagues, and so on. Maslow also thought that the highest order needs provide the greatest motivation: I would agree with that, assuming the basic survivalor in the case of the workplace, incomeneeds have been met. Alderfer's ERG Theory was about subjective state of satisfaction and desire and is similar to Maslow's hierarchy. Alderfer put all human needs into three categories: existence needs, relatedness needs, and growth needs. (The Manager Web site) His first category corresponds to Maslow's physiological and safety...

Building an Impressive Journalism Clip Portfolio

Building an Impressive Journalism Clip Portfolio If youre a journalism student youve probably already had a professor lecture you about the importance of creating a great clip portfolio in order to land a job in the news business. Heres what you need to know in order to do this.   What Are Clips? Clips are copies of your published articles. Most reporters save copies of every story theyve ever published, from high school onward. Why Do I Need Clips? To get a job in print or web journalism. Clips are often the deciding factor in whether a person is hired or not. What Is a Clip Portfolio? A collection of your best clips. You include them with your job application. Paper vs. Electronic Paper clips are simply photocopies of your stories as they appeared in print (see more below). But increasingly, editors may want to see online clip portfolios, which include a link to your articles. Many reporters now have their own websites or blogs where they include links to all their articles (see more below.) How Do I Decide Which Clips to Include in My Application? Obviously, include your strongest clips, the ones that are best-written and most thoroughly reported. Pick articles that have great ledes - editors love great ledes. Include the biggest stories youve covered, the ones that made the front page. Work in a little variety to show youre versatile and have covered both hard news stories and features. And obviously, include clips that are relevant to the job youre seeking. If youre applying for a sports writing job, include lots of sports stories. How Many Clips Should I Include in My Application? Opinions vary, but most editors say include no more than six clips in your application. If you throw in too many they simply wont get read. Remember, you want to draw attention to your best work. If you send too many clips your best ones might get lost in the shuffle. How Should I Present My Clip Portfolio? Paper: For traditional paper clips, editors generally prefer photocopies over original tearsheets. But make sure the photocopies are neat and legible. (Newspaper pages tend to photocopy on the dark side, so you may need to adjust the controls on your copier to make sure your copies are bright enough.) Once youve assembled the clips you want, put them together in a manila envelope along with your cover letter and resume. PDF files: Many newspapers, especially college papers, produce PDF versions of each issue. PDFs are a great way to save your clips. You store them on your computer and they never turn yellow or get torn. And they can be easily e-mailed as attachments. Online: Check with the editor who is going to be looking at your application. Some may accept e-mail attachments containing PDFs or screenshots of online stories or want the link to the webpage where the story appeared. As noted earlier, more and more reporters are creating online portfolios of their work. One Editor's Thoughts About Online Clips Rob Golub, local editor of the Journal Times in Racine, Wisconsin, says he often asks job applicants to simply send him a list of links to their online articles. The worst thing a job applicant can send? Jpeg files. Theyre hard to read, says Golub. But Golub says finding the right person is more important than the details of how someone applies. The main thing Im looking for is an amazing reporter who wants to come and do the right thing for us, he says. The truth is, Ill push through inconvenience to find that great human being. Most important: Check with the paper or website where youre applying, see how they want things done, and then do it that way.

Introduction to Financial Market Instruments. End of Course Assignment

Introduction to Financial Market Instruments. End of Course - Assignment Example Together the capital and money markets are used to manage risk and liquidity for individuals, governments and companies. The main players in the financial market are banks, households, sovereign entities, firms, insurance companies and other financial institutions (Williams, 2011). The report will focus on the UK capital market including equities, corporate bonds and government debts, UK property and commodity markets of UK. The commodity market will include gold as well as oil markets of United Kingdom. Five year viewpoint of the following markets will also be provided in order to provide recommendation on the best asset class. Factors which will drive the upcoming performance of UK capital markets will also be taken into consideration. The equity market of UK is the global market as more than 70% of profits generally come from the overseas; therefore it reflects the international market. It has fairly a big sector of resources and the mining and oil sector are the major sectors. They together contribute more than 15% and due to this reason the economy of UK is quite strong (Wall, 2015c). Though, the equity market of UK is expected to become volatile because of the turbulent election prevailing in the country. The overall increase of the revenue is also anticipated to remain exigent in the current year i.e. 2015. The alteration in the agenda of general election is the major reason of ambiguity for the equity market of the United Kingdom (Barnett, 2015). The main factor which is constantly overshadowing the equity market performance is the interaction between growing cynicism of the investors on the worldwide economic viewpoint and the capability of the policymakers towards creating the circumstances to strengthen p rospects of growth where necessary. The recent euro zone performance and the Chinese economy’s presentation is concerning. This is due to the reason that weaker than anticipated progress in these regions

How would you describe spirituality What are some spiritual practices Research Paper

How would you describe spirituality What are some spiritual practices that are comonto various religions around the world - Research Paper Example Man always tries to live a life of Godliness, and gaining the original purpose of God through creation. In other terms, spirituality can be defined to mean being alive by the support and influence of the unseen, immortal and spiritual aspect of God. Other aspects illustrate spirituality in a context of not only the religious organizations but also through the physical health of being mentally sober and under no influence of substance and drug abuse. Sanity also denotes a sense of sober spirituality. There are common aspects of spirituality which include the attractedness to self and one to another, the general enlighten in terms of who we are and what our future holds, and the higher power, either through the system of religion affiliation and the religions or some form of unknown super power. By spiritual awareness, people find the meaning and purpose of life as regards to all mankind or to personal life. Through engaging in religious practices, rituals and spiritual practices, human beings gain a sense of direction and belonging in terms of their spirituality. It can be argued that all religious practices and rituals have a direction towards the spirituality of a person but spirituality may not necessarily be dependent on them wholly. Rituals are meaningful in that they awaken the spiritual connectedness with nature, other people, and the general universe and creation. The sacred rituals are more often related to religious practices such as prayers, meditation, spiritual ceremonies etc, while the secular have no connection to religion. They may include partying for fun, sporting activities and many more. Human beings ascribe practices and rituals to religion and systems of believe. However, it is well known that there are very many different religions and systems of beliefs in the world. Nevertheless, some universally accepted practices define

Barack Obama, Dreams From My Father

Barack Obama, Dreams From My Father Barack Obama in his first book Dreams from my Father A story of Race and Inheritance takes his readers to a beautifully crafted journey of self-discovery. His first book was published over a decade ago and is recently re-published by Random House. It is a compelling story of not only race and culture inheritance but also of personal growth, human experience, life lessons and human nature. Obama tells his fantastic life story in a very thoughtful and reflective way. I feel this is a story of a very wisely examined life. The fact that readers, regardless of social background, cultural heritage or skin colour could find themselves in the story reminds me that as human beings as well we all share plenty of similarities and differences. About a few months ago in a very strange incident when the Republican presidential and vice presidential candidates stood on stages around the nation asking who was Barack Obama? They had a very easy access to their own question if they would have read Dreams from my father. If they would have read the story they wouldnt have enough knowledge about the man who would serve as 44th president of the country but more about themselves as well. THE STORY The autobiography tells the story of the life of Barack Obama up to his admission in the Harvard Law School. He was born in Honolulu, Hawaii to Barack Obama Sr. Of Kenya, a black African and Ann Dunham of Wichita, Kansas, a white American, who met as students at the University of Hawaii at Minoa. Obamas parents separated from each other and got divorced in 1964, when Obama was just two years old, and the reason behind the divorce was Obamas father went to Harvard to pursue his PhD but did not have money to take his family with him. Obamas father later on returned to Africa to fulfil his promise to the continent. A kid without his father, Obama formed an imaginary image of his absent father from the stories told by his mother and his grandparents. He could see his father one more time in 1971 when Sr. Obama had come to Hawaii for a month long official visit, without knowing death could be just a few away. Obamas father died in a car accident after 11 years in 1982. After the divorce Obamas mother remarried to Lolo Soetro an East-West Centre student from Indonesia, and then moved to Jakarta. When Obama was just ten years, he returned to Hawaii to get better educational opportunities available in Hawaii, under the care of his grandparents and later his mother. He was enrolled at Punahou School, a private college-preparatory school, in fifth grade where he was on of the only six black students at the mostly white school. Obama attended the school from the 5th grade until his graduation in 1979. Obama in his writes For my grandparents, my admission into Punahou Academy heralded the start of something grand, an elevation in the family status that they took great pains to let everyone know. In the school Obama met Ray who introduced him to the African American community. After finishing high school, Obama moved to Los Angeles, where he enrolled at Occidental College, he describes his life there to be a party lifestyle with the drug and alcohol use. After two years of his party life at Occidental, he transferred himself to Columbia college at Columbia University, in Manhattan, New York, where he majored in political science. After graduation, he started a business for a year, which did not go very well, he then moved to Chicago there he worked for a non-profit community organizing in the Altgeld Gardens housing project on the South side of the city. He recounts the difficulty of the experience, as his program faced resistance from apathy on the part of the established bureaucracy and entrenched community leaders. During this time Obama first visited the Chicagos Trinity United Church of Christ only to be motivate himself to do something grand in his life. Obama decided to visit his relatives in Kenya before joining the Harvard Law School. Obama uses the experience Kenya to be the setting for his books final emotional scene. Relating the story with Obamas life the book includes a great deal of reflection on his own personal racial experiences with the Americans in the United States. A FEW RACISM FACTS I ceased to advertise my mothers race at the age of 12 or 13, when I began to suspect that by doing so I was ingratiating myself to whites this is a quote from the introduction in the book Dreams from my Father. This gives the very first glimpse of the racial discrimination and racial issues faced by Barack Obama right from the age of 12 or 13. Obama still had the thrive to continue and achieve everything that he aimed for. There was something about him that made me wary, a little too sure of himself, maybe. And white. This is during the time when he describes a job interview with a man in Chicago. It seemed that race had been a part of their discussion as the white had a certain air about himself seeing Obama being a black, but instead of getting de motivated and upset about the behaviour from the white Obama took it as an opportunity and showed what his true talent was. And at the end he was able to win the person, which was one of his many passions. It remained necessary to prove which side you were on, to show your loyalty to the black masses, to strike out and name names. Obama discusses this part of his life when he talks about his childhood and his schooldays in Hawaii. Though having a white mother Obama faced too many racial discriminations in his school days, which made him vulnerable to the whites. I never emulate white men and brown men whose fates didnt speak to my own. It was into my fathers image, the black man, son of Africa, that Id packed all the attributes I sought in myself, the attributes of Martin and Malcolm, Dubois and Mandela. This statement shows that though being a black, Barack Obama did not get emulated with his fate to have born a black, he made it his strength and walked ahead instead of walking backwards and run away from the hardships. Despite having faced so many incidences of racial discrimination and underlying authority Barack Obama had only one thing that was unbitten and that was his never dying spirit and courage and this is what i think undoubtedly defines his leadership quality. LEADERSHIP Recently I happened to read an article on leadership qualities and how is a person fit to become a leader. To test the article I decided to experiment with few of my friends, on a casual discussion I asked them who do you think can be a leader? to my amazement the entire discussion turned into an argument whether a leader is born or made. Later on after giving the entire argument much thought I decided to jot down few of the qualities of a leader I could figure out during the discussion. The first thing that I noticed was during the entire conversation there was one friend who did not even attempt to get into the conversation, later when asked he said I dont think thats even a discussion, it was so pointless, Id rather spend my time reading Barack Obama then deciding whether a leader is born or made it is always going to be debatable, thats when I realised that a true leader never gives too much time to such discussions he rather concentrates more on developing his own leadership qualities which he thinks are necessary for his success. One of the other things that I noticed was in a group theres always a person who leads the discussion, gives it a proper flow and concludes it, this group had a leader as well, but the quality i noticed here was a leader always has followers, you take the case of Hitler, Mussolini, Barack Obama, Mahatma Gandhi anyone in that case, they are perfect examples of Leadership and one thing that is common among all of them is they all had th eir own set of followers. Which I think is one of the biggest qualities of a leader, what is the point of leading a group when you do not have anyone to follow? Summarizing the entire incident i could come up with Five qualities that a leader possesses. They are as follows: A leader should be Intelligent Clarity in thought Forward looking Ethical Inspiring Now the important job for a leader is to display his skills or the five qualities mentioned above and at the same time inspiring people to follow. Below is a story of a great leader who doesnt have a name in history, hasnt made it big yet she is a motivation, a role model and has all the qualities for an entrepreneur mentioned above. How often do you get a chance to motivate? How often do you get a chance to touch peoples lives and make them better? Well i just came across a teacher who made it all possible, they called her Miss G. Miss G was a happy, and a fun loving human being, happily married and a perfect husband made her confident, and lively. She came from a political background and as her father she too wanted to do something for the society, she had tried a couple of things already but somehow did not interest her, or rather the work did not approve her, not getting de motivated Miss G joins the Long Island school, Long Beach to try her hands on teaching, little has she thought of what she was getting into, she would have had night mares before step forward to take the job. Her father did not approve of her becoming a teacher, he thought it was too low a profile to work in, she didnt pay attention to it, as she knew she would be able to make her father agree to her choice eventually. She started off her first day as a teacher with a group of students majorly African Americans, who were engaged in gang wars, drugs, fighting etc. She had a hard time even talking to them as they had a typical attitude to the way they lived. They were freshmen at school and obviously hated the fact. The first day she experienced the enmity amongst the students with the issue being the colour of their skin. She has a hard time controlling their fights, but gets hold of it eventually. When she walks out after the school she sees that the whites are on one side of the ground and the black on the other none of them even bothered to interact with the other colour. The very next day she mixes the different colour students within the class to break the ice amongst themselves. That doesnt work very well as many of them feel offended of their colour and stop coming to the class. She tries to figure out for days together what is it that is stopping 13 year kids to talk to each other and discriminate amongst each other due to their colour in modern America. And one day something happens that teaches her the real reason, a boy gets killed by one of the whites just because he was black, she learns the fact that one of her students called Eva was also involved in the incident. She wanted to confront the girl about it but was warned by the administration of the school to not to do so as it was against the policy of the school. She still tries to confront and learns that the blacks are ill-treated by the American cops for no reason, they were bitten up, shot and jailed just for being a black. Miss G didnt realise what to say when she was confronted with a truth like this. She knew the students wouldnt speak to her directly in the class, but she wanted them to take all their pain and sufferings out so that she could heal them and make them better human beings, because she knew, she had hope in them that they werent as bad as they were made out to be. She then came up with this really amazing idea of making them keep their journal, she asked them to write any of their experiences that were close to her heart. She told them she wouldnt read their journal unless and until they would allow her to. She offered them a closet to leave their journals if they wanted her to read them. And to her surprise everyone wrote in their journals and left them behind for her to read it. The administration of the school was strictly against all the activities that she was doing and wouldnt support her or help her even with the material she required for the class. Miss G didnt give up on the kids, she worked double jobs just so that she could provide them with the materials that they needed. But in all of this her personal life, her happy marriage had started to go on the rough track. Thus she was losing support both from her working environment as well as her husband. But with her determination and passion to make a difference to those kids lives, she continues to teach with all the hurdles and difficulties that she was facing. With all the efforts she was putting in she succeeded in making the class room a home for all the kids she was teaching. Her husband left her, the administration didnt agree with her efforts and the people around her tried every possible way to de motivate her. But she was a warrior princess despite having an emotional breakdown, the threat to lose the job, no home she never gave up or rather never bowed to the situations, she kept fighting. During the entire mess up she was going through for the first time her motivating force was her father. Her father told her I am jealous of what my daughter is being able to do, she did what I had dreamt for myself, which I think in itself is a driving force for any individual. And with the warrior she was this just added to her strength. She motivated the kids to keep their own journals, this time she motivated them to convert their journals into books. The kids already following the footsteps of their teacher readily agreed to it, and after months of rigorous work they came up with their own individual books with their own stories. Their own stories of struggle and their own stories of survival, she had succeeded. This motivated Miss G to write her own book for the kids and the experience with them. She amazingly called them the freedom writers. My Learning It is not necessary that you make it big if you are an entrepreneur, it is not necessary that the world should know what a big personality are you. The satisfaction comes from within. One if the question that i came across while reading the book was why doesnt everyone have a name in history? What is so special about the people who have made it big? the answer to the question was their intelligence. Imagine what if everyone had the same wavelength, what if everyone was as intelligent as Mr Narayan Murthi of Infosys, Mr Warren Buffet the investor, Mr Bill Gates of Microsoft, there would be a new Infosys and Microsoft coming up every day in every different corner of the world. There wouldnt have been any uniqueness in their ventures. Thus intelligence plays a vital role in what you do. Intelligence plays a vital role in what you do but intelligence without clarity of thought cannot be put to the best use. Imagine Bill Gates having an idea of launching Microsoft but doesnt know where, when and how, i think without a clear vision he wouldnt have been able to do any of it. And lastly having a vision of where you want to be sums up to all the things that are needed to be a leader. Thus a mixture of an intelligent, forward looking and clear minded individual makes it to be the best leader. Conclusion Whether its Miss G or Barack Obama, both of them had their own share of hardships and struggles one thing that kept them going was their never say NO attitude to life. This is what has made them a leader, an entrepreneur and a satisfied human. At the end of the day it is not what you do or what you make out of what youre doing, it is the learning that life offers for the present and the future. Lions sleep 18 hours a day if hard work alone was the secret to success, then donkey would have been the king of the jungle.

Reasons Why I Want to be an RN Essay

There are many reasons why I would like to be an RN, and there are many reasons of why I should become an RN, ever since I was a child I have had the idea of being a nurse implanted in my head. Then as time went by other ideas came into play, like being a teacher or being a police officer, but being a nurse always stayed in my mind as a great career for me. I got this idea of being a nurse from my mother when I was a little kid, see my mom is a nurse, actually she is now the director of nursing at Bakersfield Heart. But when I was a kid, she went from floor nurse, to charge nurse, to director of her floor, to house supervisor, to assistant director, and now director. I can easily see her retiring as the CEO of this hospital. Now I do not know if I would want to do all of that, but I definitely see myself going from floor nurse to charge nurse, and maybe the director of the floor. The upper management just does not sound as fun to me. So originally I did not pursue the idea of nursing, I actually went into college thinking I was going to be a local high school teacher and wrestling coach, so I went and got my degree in Art Education, but while I was in college, I started working as a transport orderly at San Jose Medical Center before it closed, then went to Regional Medical Center of San Jose, where I started working as an Emergency Room clerk, and moved up to an Emergency Room Technician and loved the hands on with the patients. This is where I decided that teaching may wait till I retire from nursing, and nursing will become my career. Soon as I started working side by side with our nurses in the ER I saw that this is what I should be doing, and this is what I want to be doing, so I started working on the prerequisites right then and there. I loved the compassion the nurses had for their patients, and to see the smiles that would come from these patients when they felt better. There was something about being bedside that just pushed me to want to be more. Being a tech was and is amazing, but I want more, I want to be running the code, not just  a part of the code, when a trauma victim comes in, or a coded patient comes in. I love the feeling of bring back a patient in a code, even though I know right now by doing just CPR I am the one that is moving the medication through the body, I want to be the one that is pushing epinephrine, to bring that patient back. In this world today, I feel like there are less and less people that are actually trying to improve today’s society, and are looking out only for themselves, or their family. And I do not want to be one of those people. I want to be helping the community whether it is to clean up a homeless man, or save the life of a kid that was shot, you never know what that person can do for the rest of their lives to improve someone else’s life. I know that not all nursing is emergency nursing, but it all has its parts to the community and helping others. And I am ok with that, but I truly see myself in emergency nursing. If you notice that all of my jobs I was looking at while I was growing up, nursing, teaching, police officer, they are all helping professions, they are all improving the world around us, and ultimately that is what I really want to do, is improve the community, and improve the well being of the people around me. And I believe nursing is the right form of profession for me to do that.

Puritanism And The Puritan Movement - 1177 Words

Kyle Magenheimer D period 11/4/14 Synthesis Paper Puritanism in New England Puritanism first started with a movement in Protestantism in England and later colonial America. It was during the reign of Elizabeth when many Protestants returned after leaving England during the time of Bloody Mary who had been killing many Protestants. The movement drew support from people of all walks of life. Towards the end of Elizabeth’s Reign and throughout James I’s reign a new generation of religious thinkers began to articulate their theologies. John Preston, William Perkins, and William Ames came up with the different beliefs of Puritanism that would characterize the seventeenth-century history of the movement in England and in the New England in America. They drew heavily from the Old Testament, and they believed that human beings were born sinners incapable of earning merit in the eyes of God, also known as predestination. This belief was used not only in Puritanism but also many other denominations of Christianity. Historians have spent countless hours defining the Puritan movement, and have best described it as â€Å"a loose and incomplete alliance of progressive Protestants lay and clerical, aristocratic and humble, who were never quite sure whether they were the vanguard or the remnant.† In 1629 they hoped to dominate Parliament and have the say of what goes on in England, but never dominated the House of Commons. Puritan politics was considered â€Å"a tale of reduced expectations†, andShow MoreRelatedPuritanism, Romanticism And Transcendentalism In The Scarlet Letter By Nathaniel Hawthorne983 Words   |  4 Pages Although Puritanism, Romanticism and Transcendentalism do not coexist peacefully, these almost worldview kind of people groups are deeply embedded into three fictional characters from the book, The Scarlet Letter written by Nathaniel Hawthorne. 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Consumer behavior - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 29 Words: 8680 Downloads: 3 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Statistics Essay Did you like this example? Gender Differences in Consumer Buying Behaviour towards Casual Shoes Abstract You could tell an awful lot about a person by the kind of shoes they wear. A phrase that our hearings often do come across there is always being a tendency towards buying the perfect, fashioned, unique and excellent sate of personality demonstrating pair of shoes among people mostly youngsters. The relation between dressing up and the idea of individual expression is complex. As a common approach to establish understanding of consumer attitude and buying preferences based on gender regarding casual shoes this research has been conducted after studying different kinds of consumer behavior models, literature and theories of consumer behavior This research will focuses on attitudes and behavior on the concept of gender differences in buying behavior of casual shoes also the decision making process differs from consumer to consumer based on demographic and psychographic factors. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Consumer behavior" essay for you Create order As a convenient and accessible segment, university students have sampled to investigate the research objectives. For the purpose of investigating the research objectives, a combination of exploratory and descriptive research was used. A survey methodology using a self-administered questionnaire was justified to collect data, which sampled two groups (male=125 and Female=125) a total of 250 students at three different universities 1) Institute of Management Sciences 2) Qurtaba University 3) Cecos University of Science and Technology, clustered around Hayatabad Peshawar. Survey data was then analyzed and tested using specific hypotheses and measurements. Also this research will prove to be beneficial for firms and stores to identify the differences and expectations from their shoe brands and also to leverage their promotion campaigns to satisfy what is expected from consumers. Chapter 1. Introduction and Background of the study Introduction and Importance of Study Consumer behavior has a diversity of different study perceptions and functions as an interdisciplinary science. In this context, the understanding of consumer behaviour could appeals to a set of different areas of knowledge, such as psychological, cultural social psychological, physio-pyschological, genetics anthropology. The main objective of this research is to study the consumer buying preferences with respect to gender differences in consumer buying behaviour of university Students in Peshawar when they go shopping to buy a pair shoe. To attain this objective a survey was developed and administered across Peshawar. This research with the presentation of the relevant literature in the area of buying behavior and then the research hypothesis is described. After that the methodology followed to develop the study is presented with a special reference to the sample method, data collection and statistics. Next, the results are presented and discussed and finally the conclusions are dra wn. Background Research and studies regarding consumer attitude and behaviour are a common approach in post-war marketing contexts in order to establish or acquire insight knowledge to guide marketing activities regarding the consumption behaviours of particular groups of individuals (Nicosia, 1966; Howard and Sheth, 1969; Bettman, 1979; Engel, Blackwell and Miniard. 1986; Schiffman and Kanuk, 1991). Kotler, Armstrong, Saunders and Wong (2002) stress that understanding consumer buying behaviour is central to marketing management; moreover, marketing management must begin with insightful understanding of consumers. Consumer has been elated with the kind of reception; they are getting from various companies these days. The reason behind a drastic change in consumer behavior is because the consumer is no more treated as a hire purchaser but, he is treated as the decider of the companys fortune. Companies or marketers cannot hire any fortuneteller to guess the consumers attitude. Guessing or measuring the consumers attitude is not a cake walk but this is because predicting consumers attitude is as tough as predicting consumers mind (Bheri, 2004). Consumers are continuously choosing among the various products though they are not aware of the products and usage, even though they are intentionally purchasing the various new brands without any knowledge about the new products, furthermore if new company enters into the market, for every consumer it is very difficult to understand the features of the news products and this makes confusion among the consumers to obtain the information. For example: If one local company enters into the market then to gain the knowledge about the features of the new product, it will take long time for the consumers to understand (Nelson, 1970). The term consumer can be described as a person who acquires goods and services for self satisfaction and his often used to describe two different kinds of consuming entities: the personal consumers and organizational consumers. The personal consumers buy goods and services for his/her own use. In this context, the goods are bought for final use by individual, who are organizational consumers, they encompasses for profit and not for profit business, government agencies, institutions, all of them must buy products, equipment and services in order to run their organization (Hawkins, Best and Coney 1998). The consumer will respond according to the product quality and reliability, the fundamental understanding of products is necessary to understand the product features, products reliability and product benefits (Baker, 2004). The consumer is the end user for the product; consumers buy the products in market; in order to perform successful sales operations in the market an effective distribution channel and networks are required for the organizations. Distribution channels and networks play an important role in the consumer goods industry. Consumer is the ultimate user of every product, without any consumer there is no market as such (Baker, 2004). Every region wise the different consumers are using different kind of products. Every consumer has their own tastes and preferences. So, every consumers opinions and preferences are different from one another. The local marketers have good idea about, what the local consumers are using (region wise). For example: The south Indian food habits and tastes and preferences are different, when compared to north Indian food habits (Thomas, 2004). Based on above paragraph, direct marketing activities have big impact on every consumer, because through direct marketing every company knows about the behavior of every consumer in the market. Manufacturing companies, retailer and suppliers do not have an idea about the consumer behavior in the local market. So, author suggested that direct marketing activities should be left to the local market leaders, because the local market leaders have best idea of local market and local consumer behavior. This theory helps for the organization and sub-organizations to know the consumer behavior in different market environments, taste and preferences of the consumer behavior (Thomas, 2004). McDonalds would not have made a big impact in the Indian market had it persisted with its U.S. product line that included beef products, moreover, McDonalds repositioned the brand as family-oriented and children-friendly, catering the traditional Indian middle-class segment that finds pride in its family culture and is especially conscious of childcare. So in this point of view Mc Donalds have approached differently, because they identified that, which they followed earlier that will not get good impact on their business so, they immediately changed the business line to achieve the targets, thus, this is one kind of business strategy to achieve the set goals in huge populated countries (Dash, 2005). For perspective of globalization we can not change the system of tastes and preferences of Consumers. Another instance demonstrating the ignorance of local tastes in the wake of globalization features the multinational Casual shoes makers, Nokia had tasted success with its soap-bar designed phones and ceased producing the flip phones that consumers found irritating to use (Zaccai, 2005). The Chinese business people are giving importance to Chinese traditional, patriotic values; the business people are running their businesses by showing their traditional, patriotic advertisement and promotional campaigns to get the business from the Chinese people. The Chinese consumers perspective, by assessing their preferences amongst a host of advertisements and promotional campaigns, later on the business people are started the global Advertisement campaigns with status and social appeal, they sought immense pride in clinging to the traditional, cultural and patriotic values through the local campaigns, with this theory helps by knowing the Chinese consumer behavior and also they are giving same importance to traditional and patriotic values in the name of advertisements. Finally, they want the advertisements with traditional and patriotic values of Chinese culture (Zhou and Belk, 2004). The consumers mind is different from one another in this as author said in the definition that according to the human psychology, demographical differences, age sex and to understand people needs. (Kotler, 2004), to assess the influences of every consumer approach is different, in theory explained that consumer is treated as decider of the company, what ever the product comes to the market, the consumer is the ultimate purchaser for every product, some times the consumers are choosing, selecting and going for family decision making to choose differently, in one point of time the consumers differentiated and explained that they are going for personal and some of the them are using products for profit. Demographical differences make new food habits for every consumer the choice of variation for every consumer (Kotler, 2004). The example of above paragraph, two countries, therefore Chinese consumers are giving respect to traditional and patriotic values, where as Indian consumers are more religious when they are using the products. These are influences that make the consumer to purchase different products; mostly those influences are more related to the physiological, demographical, social, cultural, economic, family and business influences. According to Kotler (1994), consumer behavior is the study of how people buy, what they buy, when they buy and why they buy. It is a subcategory of marketing that blends elements from psychology, sociology, socio psychology, anthropology and economics. It attempts to understand the buyer decision making process, both individually and in groups. It studies characteristics of individual consumers such as demographics, psychographics, and behavioral variables in an attempt to understand people needs. It also tries to assess influences on the consumer from group such as family friends, reference groups, and society in general (Kotler, 1994) for example while consumers purchase the shoe, then they go for family decision, comfort, satisfaction, price and quality. Every family member doesnt have the same opinion to buy the same product; different family members have different choice to buy the product. So, in one family consumer behavior is different (Kotler, 1994). Chapter 2. Purpose of the Study and Hypothesis formulation The purpose of this thesis is to contribute to a better knowledge of consumer buying behavior towards purchasing the casual shoes. The main objective of this research is to study the gender differences in consumer buying behavior of University students when they go shopping to buy casual shoe brands. According to the literature and aimed at answering the research questions of this study (Which are the main differences in According to the literature and aimed at answering the research questions of this study (Which are the main differences in casual shoes consumer behavior between women and men?) the subsequent hypothesis (H1) is formulated: There are differences in consumer behavior according to the Gender?. After testing this supposition, it follows a more detailed analysis of the main behavior differences between men and women according to: (i) what (what one buys, what one values the most in shoes); (ii) how Consumer behavior between women and men?) The subsequent hypothesis (H1) is formulated: There are differences in consumer behavior according to the Gender based on Price, Quality, Branding, Comfort, style and Trend. Analysis model, variables and store identification and interdependency For the purpose of gathering the important variables to this study a pilot test (see appendix) was prepared and floated before survey among the students and general consumers out side shoe stores in Peshawar. There were a number of attributes ranked five of the attributes were selected through highest frequency ranking. The pilot testing also helped in store identifications for the interest of this study. According to Pilot testing I selected variables 1) Price 2) Quality 3) Style 4) Comfort 5) Trend From the Stores I had to select 1) Bata 2) Service 3) I-Shoes based from the Pilot test. Secondary Objectives The assessment of Store comparison of 1) Bata 2) Service 3) I-Shoes To see for at what degree communication mediums Influences university students towards promoting their brands. To study and identify the Demographic characteristics Will university students be an effective segment shoe brand marketers Research Question The purpose of the study could be expressed by the following research question. Q: Is there any Difference in buying preferences of Casual shoes because of Gender based on Price, Quality, Branding, Comfort, style and Trend? Chapter 3. Literature review The Definition: Consumer-buying behavior according to Kotler (2004, p.601) is defined as The buying behavior consumers individuals and house holds who buy goods and services for personal consumption. the term consumer can be described as a person who acquires goods and services for self satisfaction is often used to describe two different kinds of consuming entities: the personal consumers and the organizational consumers. The personal consumers buy goods and services for his/her own use. In this context the goods are bought for final use by individual, who are organizational consumers, encompasses for profit and not for profit business, government agencies, institutions, all of them must buy products, equipment and services in order to run their organization (Kotler, 2004). Peter and Olson, (1993) mention that interactions between the peoples emotions, moods, affection and specific feelings is called consumer behavior, in other words in environmental events which they exchange ideas and benefits each is called consumer behavior . Buying behavior of people, who purchase products for personal use and not for business purposes (Peter and Olson, 1993). Fishbeins (1967) attitudinal model has also been widely used in the marketing context (Lilien et al., 1992), and this paradigm provides researchers with a useful lens for examining the factors explaining consumer purchasing intention and adoption. According to this model, behaviour is predominantly determined by intention. Other factors like attitudes, subjective norms, and perceived behavioural control also are shown to be related to an appropriate set of salient behavioural, normative, and control beliefs about the behaviour. However, Fishbeins model stops at the adoption level and does not capture other important factors that explain and predict consumer continuance behaviour (repurchase). The expectation-confirmation model (Oliver, 1980), on the other hand, focuses on the post-purchase behaviour. It is a widely used model in the consumer behaviour literature, particularly in explaining consumer satisfaction and repeat purchase. Satisfaction is the central notion of this model, wh ich is formed by the gap between expectation and perceived performance. The expectation-confirmation theory suggests that if the perceived performance meets ones expectation, confirmation is formed, and consumers are satisfied. Bhattacherjee (2001) stated that satisfied users are more likely to continue purchasing the same products. The Physical actions of consumers that can directly observe and measured by others, by influencing behavior profit can be earned (kotler, Armstrong and Cunningham, 1989). The study of consumer behavior has evolved in early emphasis on rational choice (microeconomics and classical decision theory) to focus on apparently irrational buying needs (some motivation research) and the use of logical flow models of bounded rationality (Howard and Sheth 1989). The latter approach has depended into what is often called the information processing model (Bettman 1979). The information processing model regards the consumer as a logical thinker who solves problem to make purchasing decision (Holbrook and Hirschman 1980). Compares the four major approaches to create successful inter-organizational relationships and integrates them into a single prescription for managing important inter -firm relationships (Palmatier, Dant and Grewal, 2007). Service fails, in satisfying the customers and developing customer loyalty over time in business to business markets. Cyert (1956) may have been the first to observe that a number of managers in addition to the purchasing agents are involved in buying process, and the concept was labeled buying behavior and popularized by Robinson (Faris and Win 1967). Webster and Wind (1972) famously identified five buying roles, they are: 1. users 2. Influencer 3.buyer 4. decider and 5 Gatekeeper (Webster and wind, 1972). Further categories have been suggested as the initiator (Bonoma, 1981), and the analyst and spectator by Wilson (Wilson, 1998). The product purchase decision is not always done by the user. The buyer necessarily purchases the product. Marketers must decide at whom to direct their promotional efforts, the buyer or the user. They must identify the person who is most likely to influence the decision. If the marketers understand consumer behavior, they are able to predict how consumers are likely to react to various informational and environmental cues, and are able to shape their marketing strategies accordingly (kotler, 1994). The consumer behavior influences are follows: The consumer behavior influences in 3 aspects, they are acquiring, using and disposing. The acquiring means that how the consumer spends money on the products, such as leasing, trading and borrowing. Using means some of the consumers use the high price products and some of the consumer sees the quality. Disposing is nothing but distribution, order or places a particular product (Hoyer, Deborah, 2001). By understanding consumer behavior deeply, different authors have given different information about the consumer behavior, how consumer buys the products, it involves four steps they are: need recognition, information search, evaluation of alternatives, purchase decision and post purchase behavior, the marketer can pick up many clues as and how to meet the buyer need and develop an effective program to support an attractive offer to the target market (Kanuk, 1990). Another area of knowledge that has been used to a better understanding of consumer behaviour is the physio-pyschological one. Physiological psychology is the study of the interaction of the body with the mind. It is the study of the extent to which behaviour is caused by physical and chemical phenomena in the body (Morris 1996). Kroeber-Riel (1980) pointed out that cognitive and psychological processes originate from physiological ones. This field holds many promises for explaining consumer behaviour. For instance, the hypothalamus is that center of the brain which mainly controls consumption (Zimbardo and Gerrig 1996). The chemical changes due to the use/eat of the first product results in a blood borne input to the brain to activate further consumption. Thus, the individual would order one more product to use/eat. Such a behaviour is explained based on the research findings on the functions of the hypothalamus and other related areas of the brain (Valenstein, et al., 1970; Zhang et al. 1994). Physio-psychology provides fascinating ways to help understand consumer behaviour without looking into the consumers black box for hypothetically based variable explanations. To explain consumer behaviour further, new frontiers in science were introduced such as genetics and anthropology (Demirdjian, and Senguder, 2004). According to genetics approach our genes direct our consumption behaviour. Perhaps humans are all programmed to act in certain ways in their consumptive and consumer-related behaviour. Is the presence of certain genes that compel us to consume certain kind of products. Genetic science may very well come up with definite findings to explain consumer behaviour and thus we may strike a vein of truth in finding explanations and laws of consumer behaviour (Feder, 1977). Business anthropology and its implementation in consumer behaviour studies have demonstrated to the business world that anthropological approach as new perspective will bring a new era for the consumer science. The applied anthropologists will become the hottest candidates for business related research jobs given the fact that anthropological methods are becoming more widely ac ceptable in the business world in general and in consumer studies particular (Demirdjian and Senguder, 2004). According to the literature and aimed at answering the According to Kotler (1994), the Consumers buying decision process is influenced by four steps those are as follows: Types of consumer buying decision behavior: Consumer buying behavior decision-making varies with the type buying decision. There are different types of buying behavior decisions. * Complex buying behavior: Consumers undertake complex buying behavior when they are highly involved in purchase and complex buying behavior and perceive significant difference among the brands. Consumers may be highly involved when the product are expensive, risky, purchased in frequently and are highly expensive (Kotler, 1994). * Dissonance Reducing buying behavior occurs when consumers are highly involved with an expensive, infrequent or risky purchase, but sees little difference among various brands (Kotler, 1994). * Variety Consumers undertake variety seeking buying behavior in situations characterized by low consumer involvement, but significant perceived brand difference. In such cases, consumers often do a lot brand scrutiny (Kotler, 1994). The buying Decision Process Introduction of buying decision process Consumers make many buying decisions every day. Mostly large companies do extensive research on consumer buying decision, to answer questions like what does consumer buy, where they buy, how they buy, how much they buy, when they buy and why do they buy a product, for this question to reorganize the decision different stages needed they are, information search, and evaluation of alternatives, purchase decision and post purchase decision etc., The consumer passes through all five stages with every purchase, but in more routine purchases, consumers often skip or reverse some of these stages (Hawkins, Coney, 1998). The buying decision process: The buying process starts with need recognition, where as buyer recognize the need. The buyers decision is depending on his/her internal external stimuli of consumer behavior. The internal and external stimuli of consumer behavior means that the consumer, which product should purchase, how much wants to purchase and externally which products are more reliable and usable. According to this internal and external stimulis the buyer will take the decision (Hawkins, Coney, 1998). The consumers are searching the information from the various sources those are information search, personal source, commercial sources, public sources and experimental sources; this is also process of the buying decision process before purchase of the product (Hawkins, Coney, 1998). The decision process model in the consumer market contains five stages since consumer decision was suggested as a response to a problem (Solomon, 1991), and in most cases consumers facing more than two o r more alternatives in the market place which requires evaluations (Schiffman and Kanuk, 1978). During the evaluation process, information will be collected to assist consumers to make the purchase decision. Finally, consumer will take further action according to the level of satisfaction of the purchase decision as post-purchase evaluation. Moreover, Sproles and Kendall (1986) identified characteristics of eight decisionmaking styles as follow: Characteristics of eight decision-making styles 1. Price/value consciousness: decision style that is concerned with getting lower prices. The presence of this trait means that the consumer is conscious of sale prices and aims to get the best value for their money 2. Perfectionism: decision style that is concerned with quality. Consumers with this decision-making style will not compromise with products classified as good enough 3. Brand consciousness: decision style that is concerned with getting expensive, well-known brands. Consumers with this style believe that the higher the price of a product, the better the quality. These consumers also prefer best selling advertised brands 4. Novelty/fashion consciousness: decision style for seeking out new things. This trait reflects a liking of innovative products and a motivation to keep up to date with new styles and fashion trends 5. Habitual/brand-loyal : decision style for shopping at the same stores and tendency to buy the same brands each time 6. Recreational shopping consciousness: decision style that views shopping as being enjoyable per se. Shoppers with this trait enjoy the stimulation of looking for and choosing products 7. Impulsive/careless: decision style that describes a shopper who does not plan their shopping and appears unconcerned with how much he or she spends. Consumers with this style can regret their decisions later 8. Confused by over choice: decision style that reflects a lack of confidence and an inability to manage the number of choices available. Consumers with this trait experience information overload. However, it is worthwhile to point out that consumer decision process can take many stages, however, in low involvement purchase, consumer may skip or reserve stages (Kotler, 1994). For example, in low involvement conditions, consumer decision making can be a learned response to environmental cues such as in store promotion or extrinsic cue such as packaging. It means that the main decision process occur at the point-of-purchase, where consumer recognise needs, evaluate products and then make purchase decisions. In many cases, the purchase of bottled water fits into such description. Information search: The consumer can obtain information from any of several sources, which includes: Personal source: family, friends, neighbors, acquaintance etc. Commercial sources: advertising, sales people, dealers, packaging, displays. Public sources: mass media, consumer-rating organizations etc. Experimental sources: handling, examining, using of the product. Consumers receive most of the information about a product from commercial sources, which are controlled by the marketer. The most effective source however tend to be personal. Personal sources appear to be even more important in influencing the purchase. Evaluation of Alternatives: The consumer evaluates all the alternatives available to him/her to arrive at a brand choice. The consumer will see the product as a bundle of attributes with varying capacities, which satisfies his or her needs. The consumer will pay more attention to those attributes connected with their needs. The consumer is likely to develop a set of brand beliefs about, where each brand stands on each attribute. These of beliefs held about the particular brand is known as brand image, according to the beliefs and preferences of the consumer, evaluates the alternative products instead of using existing products (Kotler, 2004). Purchase decision: In the evaluation stage, the consumer ranks all the brands and makes a purchase intention. Generally the consumer purchase decision is to buy the most preferred brand, when purchasing a products, consumer will think about two things, which can be, purchase decision and purchase intention. The attitude of others and unexpected situation factors both directly or indirectly effects the consumers final decision to buy a particular brand. (Kotler, 2004). Post purchase behavior: The buyers job does not end when the product is brought. After purchasing the product, the consumer will be satisfied or dissatisfied and will be engaged in post purchase behavior. The satisfaction or dissatisfaction of the purchase of a particular product depends on the relationship between the consumer expectation and the consumer disappointment, if it meets the consumer expectations, the consumer can get satisfied. And if it exceeds he/she is delighted (Gilly and Gelb, 1986). Chapter 4. Theoretical Framework Consumer Involvement Theory The consumer involvement theory means that, how the consumer involving the purchase of various products in the market, after purchasing the product, how the consumer responding towards the products called consumer involvement theory. The consumers get the information through advertising, for that they purchase, use, and react that they see and hear about the products that they buy (Barry, 1987). Level of involvement an individuals intensity of interest in a product and the importance of the product for that person, those are enduring involvement and situational involvement (Homewood IL Irwin, 1987). Routinized response behavior is that the process used when buying frequently purchased low-cost items that requires little search-and decision-effort (Homewood IL Irwin, 1987). The consumer involved in purchasing of products and usage and, also, various aspects like high involvement and low involvement in process of purchasing of products. The consumer some times involves high and low in purchasing products, so, theory of involvement is explaining that the consumer recognizes the importance of the purchase and it considers that the degree of perceived risk, moreover, it reflects on self image perhaps information processing may be different from one another (Ray, 1973). The low involvement theory is explaining that the consumer would accept wide range of products with positive attitude with do-feel-learn strategy, firstly the consumer select any kind of product, use the product, if they are not sure about how to use the product, and they learn how to use the product. To purchase a new computer in market and using of the computer, if they are not satisfied then they go for learning of how to use the computer. The low involvement of consumer will be in manner that do-feel-learn strategy (Ray, 1973). In one of the consumer article author explained about the consumers, are influenced by television commercials and their relationship effectiveness of advertisements (Krugman 1987). High involvement theory is rational and emotional, and it is explaining about the consumers participations in the context very actively without any hesitation, moreover, they look after extensive problem solving. In this theory of involvement the consumers learn about the product, use the product, if they are feeling that the product is comfortable to use it, and then they go for buying the product, so this is called high involvement because after usage, they definitely buy the products. The high involvement theory is reversible order to low involvement theory like learn-feel-do strategy (Debruicker, 1979). How the involvement theory is useful, the emotions, specific feelings, learning of every product and involves when they want to use it and when they want to purchase it. So, this theory helps when the consumer purchasing any kind of product or after using the product. Consumer behaviour models i. Introduction Intergradations of three models There are three types of models, which will explain about consumers process of basic needs to selecting one particular product, In order to process consumer behavior the following three models are important, the first and foremost model is that the Hierarchy model of consumer behavior, in this model the author said that, without any basic needs the consumer can not survive, so, the consumer should have some basic needs, which have been explained below, secondly the consumer behavior model. In this model author mentioned about research and planning, in this process, the researchers are taking samples from consumer before manufacturing the new products in the market. Finally, lens model has been explained that in order to choice/select a product by the consumer. Most early psychologists studied people who had psychological problems, but Maslow Hierarchy needs tells us about the needs of consumer behavior. ii. Hierarchy needs of consumer behavior model (Simons, Irwin and Drinnien, 1987) Maslow believes that people seek to fulfill five categories of needs. Maslows hierarchy of needs The five levels of needs that humans are motivated to seek and satisfy (Simons, Irwin and Drinnien, 1987). Physiological needs for ex: food, water, sex, clothing, shelter Safety needs for ex: security, freedom Social needs for ex: love, affection, belongingness. Esteem needs for ex: respect, recognition, and self-worth. Self-actualization needs for ex: personal growth. Maslow hierarchy needs model (Simons, Irwin and Drinnien, 1987) Maslows given the hierarchy needs for consumer behavior, before starting about the consumer behavior, the consumer needs are important; usually every consumer have some hierarchy needs, they are; self actualization needs, esteem needs, belonging needs, safety and security needs and psychological needs (Simons, Irwin and Drinnien, 1987). The self actualization needs: The term actualization means that the intrinsic growth of what is already in the organism, or more accurately, of what the organism is called self actualization needs. For example: one can play the music, he is called musician or artist, and one can paint the art is called painter, one can write the poems, is called poet. For surviving in competitive world one profession is important, this profession is not only for surviving, but also one kind of need for human being. In small words to understand simply one individual potentiality develop him by doing something; it is called the self actualization (Simons, Irwin and Drinnien, 1987). The author suggests that the self actualization need is important when the consumer wants to survive, consumer came with new professions, and it is one kind of need, it will help the consumer to survive in this competitive world (Simons, Irwin and Drinnien, 1987). Esteem needs: The term esteem means that need for things that reflect on self-esteem, personal worth, social recognition, and accomplishment, for example one can travel in the bus, motor bike, and car respectively, depends on his/her financial position they can travel. In this case travel is a need, so, in smaller words, if one can economically sound, then he/she arranges the esteemed need according to their financial possession (Simons, Irwin and Drinnien, 1987). The author said that, if she/he needs the esteem needs, then they should have good economic possession, if not no necessary to maintain the car or motor bike, it is very easy to use the public bus or walk (Simons, Irwin and Drinnien, 1987). Social needs: The social needs includes love of family or friends, for example, the boy loves his girl friend, the relationship between husband and wife, one child belongs to one family This is called belongingness or love (Simons, Irwin and Drinnien, 1987). This is one kind of need for every consumer, because every consumer has their personal belongingness and love. Safety needs: The safety might includeliving in an area away from threats. This level is more likely to be found in children as they have a greater need to feel safe. For example one wants to live safe and secure life in the society. Finally, always consumer wants to live a life, which is safe and secured (Simons, Irwin and Drinnien, 1987). Physiological needs: It includes the very basic need air, warmth, food, sleep, stimulation and activity. People can die due to lack of biological needsand equilibrium common needs like food, water, oxygen and other common minimum needs are wanted for every one to survive in the world. This is also a basic need of consumer (Simons, Irwin and Drinnien, 1987) iii. Consumer behavior model The concept of consumer behavior model is that, all the consumer minds are not the same, because every consumer thinks in different manner and purchasing of products also different. The below is saying about the research and planning, now a days the products are many, the consumer is attracting towards new products and its features. The manufacturing companies are designing the products, before manufacturing of new products the researchers are taking the samples for research from the consumers, after taking the samples from the consumers, researchers are doing the research about the products, it encourages companies to constantly innovate better ways to serve the consumer needs (Yeowzah, 2003). The research planning depending on product design, insights and action. As author saying about the design, if products designs are good then every consumer attracted towards purchasing of new products, the product design is possible only by doing research. The insights is nothing but the product features, the product features are depend upon good research and planning, without any research and planning there is no product as such. In between these two aspects the action takes place to do good research and to get good results in the market (Yeowzah, 2003). Consumer behavior model (Yeowzah, 2003) https://www.yeowzah.com/consumer_behavior_model.htm The significance of consumer behavior decision theory in some cases consumer has clear and strong choice or preference for particular product to purchase. According to the customer preference, companies can increase their sales to develop the 4 Ps marketing to affect the customer preference and test. Company can design the product to attract the customer to make the better sales. To analyze the competitor activity and make the most battle plan to fight in to the market (Hauser, 1993). Lens Model Lens model (Hauser, 1993) Description: The above lens model says that, the product features and perceptions are inter dependent, because the consumer see the product features before purchasing any product in the market, the product features arrow showing towards perception, the perception is nothing but understanding of the product, in this process consumer will understand about the product, after understanding the product, the perceptions is going to be preference of various products (Hauser, 1993). In this process of preference product, the consumer prefers the products, after preferring the product, consumer select the particular product that is called choice. The final arrow showing towards choice, but this whole process depends on consumer psycho-social cues and availability price of the products in the market (Hauser, 1993). The second way is that the psycho-social cues and perceptions are also inter dependent with the help of these two terms the consumer prefers the product and finally choose/select the product (Hauser, 1993). The third way is that the consumer chooses the product with the help of psycho-social cues, which means psychological influences, understanding of the product and availability price of the products (Hauser, 1993). Chapter 5. Analysis of the study Introduction: In the analysis part, first the cross-Tabular representation of different questionnaires and description after that presenting the empirical analysis of the study, the questionnaires the way is used more scientifically and very straight and deep questions, which are very easy to get the answers from the students, which are very positive and appropriate answers from the respondents. Data analysis and discussion: Following is the summarized result from analysis of data. Cross Tabular Analysis Sample Characteristics: Variables Characteristics Respondents IM|Sciences Qurtaba Cecos Total No. % No. % No. % No. % Age: 1. 18 to 25 Years 2. 26 to 32 Years 3. Over 32 Years 76 03 05 90.4% 3.5% 5.9% 79 02 02 95.2% 2.4% 2.4% 73 07 03 87.9% 8.4% 3.6% 228 012 010 91.2% 4.8% 4% 84 100% 83 100% 83 100% 250 100% Gender: 1. Male 2. Female 38 46 45.2% 54.3% 57 26 68.6% 31.4% 30 53 36.5% 63.5% 125 125 50% 50% 84 100% 83 100% 83 100% 250 100% Educational Qualification: 1. Under Graduate 2. Graduate 3. Post Graduate 4. Other 59 13 11 01 70.2% 15.4% 13.0% 1.19% 54 18 08 03 65% 21.6% 9.63% 3.61% 65 14 03 01 78.3% 16.8% 3.6% 1.2% 178 45 22 05 71.2% 18% 8.8% 2% 84 100% 83 100% 83 100% 250 100% Family Income: (Per Month) 1. Up to Rs. 5,000 2. Rs. 5,000 to Rs. 10,000 3. Rs. 10,000 and above 03 12 69 3.5% 14.3% 82.2% 02 18 63 2.4% 21.6% 75.9% 06 19 58 7.2% 22.9% 69.9% 11 49 190 4.4% 19.6% 76% 84 100% 83 100% 83 100% 250 100% Term residence 1. University Hostel 2. Tenant 3. Sharing house/flat 4. Home stay 5. Live at home 12 03 07 16 05 05 04 10 06 04 06 06 22 12 17 32 167 8.9% 6.9% 4.9% 13.% 66% 84 100% 83 100% 83 100% 250 100% Description Demographic Profile: * The demographic data (Table I) indicates that most of the university students fall in the age category of 18-25 (91.2%). * The cumulative sample of male student=125 female students=125 * Educational profile indicates that around 71% of the respondents were from Under-graduate level * 18% are graduate students and about 8.8% of the students are postgraduate * Income profile says that mostly the university students has Family income more then 76% * Mostly students reside at home (66%) Respondent selection male=N1, Female=N2: Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative Percent Valid Female 125 50.0 50.0 50.0 Male 125 50.0 50.0 100.0 Total 250 100.0 100.0 Interpretation From Table-2 , According to random sample survey, I sampled two groups (male=125 and Female=125) a total of 250 students at three different universities 1) Institute of Management Sciences 2) Qurtaba University 3) Cecos Univerty of Science and Technology, clustered around Hayatabad Peshawar.. all students were randomly picked. Use of casual shoes Respondents Female Male Total Use of Casual Shoes No 11 10 21 Yes 113 115 228 Total 124 125 249 Description A Total of 228 respondents out of which 133 are Female and 115 male students use casual shoes. The proportion of male usage is slightly higher then female students by 2 counts. Total of 21 students opted for other categories of shoes. Sources of information Sources of information * Respondents Cross tabulation Count Respondents Female Male Total Sources of information News Paper 11 9 20 TV 8 28 36 Internet 4 6 10 Mobile 0 1 1 Shoe Retailer 24 14 38 Magazine 35 5 40 Friends 39 54 93 Other 4 8 12 Total 125 125 250 Description The received information pertaining to Sources of information (table-4) indicates that most of the respondents both male and female use friends opinion regarding purchase of a shoe pair. It is interesting to know that female respondents mostly use Fashion Magazines male respondents watch TV, More then females. Also female hear from shoe retailers more then males. The results indicate that about 2 times male goes for other sources of information. Mobile Promotions are very rare as is only one male respondent opted for this option as source of information to purchase casual shoes. Brand selection from stores The purchase decision was limited from three stores (I-Shoes, Bata, Service, Selected through Pilot testing as discussed) to measure the study variables more precisely the respondents were asked if you would given the option to buy from these stores what attributes will affect on their purchase decision. Also they were asked to rank the brand they like the most and grade the store also. I-Shoes Brand likeness I-Shoes * Respondents Cross tabulation Count Respondents Female Male Total I-Shoes Hushpuppies 61 41 102 Female-sole 8 11 19 Woodstock 2 2 4 Epcot 3 3 6 Impact 11 10 21 Clarks 13 15 28 Other 1 3 4 Other then I-shoes or Multi-brands 26 40 66 Total 125 125 250 Description Majority of the respondents like hushpuppies it is interesting to see the Females inclination towards hushpuppies is slightly more as compared to males. The 2nd higher category of shoe likeness is Clarks mostly appreciated by male respondents. Mostly male=40 go for Multi-brands or other then I-Shoes then females=26 The tendency for buying Multi-brands is about 26.4 % of the Total respondents. Bata Bata * Respondents Cross tabulation Respondents Female Male Total Bata Weigbrenner 11 13 24 Hushpuppies 40 26 66 Perecardian 0 1 1 Marie Claire 0 2 2 Bata 45 44 89 Other then Bata or Multi-brands 29 39 68 Total 125 125 250 Description 27.2 % of the total respondents opted for bands other then Bata or Multi Brands. 35% responded to purchase Bata brands. It is evident from the above table that most of the Female respondents prefer hushpuppies Over Bata. Service Service * Respondents Crosstabulation Count Respondents Female Male Total Service Doncorlos 0 35 35 Service 10 20 30 N-Dure 3 0 3 Caterpillar 0 9 9 Liza 48 2 50 Export 0 8 8 Other then Service or Multibrands 64 51 115 Total 125 125 250 Description Majority of the female=48/125 respondents Liked and opted for Liza as its a female branding from Service turnover from this Store in females is maximum =64/125 35 out of 125 male respondents prefer Doncorlos Casual Shoes.12% of the Total respondents including 10 Female and 20 male students prefer to buy Service casual Shoes from Service. Preference for multi-brands is 46% of the total of which Female frequency is more then male. Only a total of 9 respondents (male) would buy Caterpillar Brand rating Brand grading * Respondents Cross tabulation Respondents Response Female Male Total Brand grading Strongly unfavorable 4 10 14 Somewhat unfavorable 10 5 15 Undecided 27 29 56 Somewhat favorable 48 50 98 Strongly favorable 36 31 67 Total 125 125 250 Description The respondents both male and female where asked to grade the brand they liked most 40% of the total respondents gave a highest Somewhat favorable response. 30% of total were highly in favor of their brand choice females are high in number then males they have a higher count over rating=5. Most of the male respondents has a slightly higher tendency over female in grading their brand of choice in a rating=4. Branding Does a shoe co brand name reflect its product quality * Respondents Cross tabulation Count Respondents Response Female Male Total No 11 18 29 Yes 114 107 221 Total 125 125 250 Description About 90% of the respondents believes and link the Products brand name with its Quality. The brand image has to be strictly positive and the brand should be popular. Mostly consumers go for popular brands many of them often link it with status symbol. Aspects lack in shoes Aspects lacking in shoe * Respondents Crosstabulation Count Respondents Female Male Total Aspects lacking in shoe Style 85 35 120 Durability 22 55 77 Finishing 10 19 29 Other 8 16 24 Total 125 125 250 Description Female Respondents are more style conscious then male there is about 37% difference over male respondents. Female respondents want more and more styles and varieties in the product. Male respondents are more conscious about durability in there shoe pair. Store selection Store bought from * Respondents Cross tabulation Respondents Female Male Total Store bought from I-Shoes 26 17 43 Bata 24 22 46 Service 4 22 26 Mix of all Three 60 53 113 Others 11 11 22 Total 125 125 250 Description From the above table it is noticed that about 45% of the total respondents not strictly buy from one particular store females mostly shop from I-Shoes and Bata Aspects that the consumer appreciates when he goes to a store Store Characteristics * Respondents Cross tabulation Count Respondents Female Male Total Store Characteristics Price 17 24 41 Product Quality 57 55 112 Product Variety 13 22 35 Store Atmosphere 11 5 16 Shop Window 2 3 5 Brand Pictures seen on Stores website 3 3 6 Shoe exposed on the stores manikin 9 4 13 Stores Decoration 13 5 18 Catalogue Products 0 2 2 Total 125 123 248 Description From the above reading its mostly the Quality of a Stores Products which put influence on consumers for buying Shoes Products. About 45% of the respondents looks for Quality (Somewhat in Equal proportion male~55, Female~57) when they go shopping. Another very common aspect in confederation while shopping is Price=16% where male respondents are more conscious about Pricing than female. Product variety is also an important factor both for male and female in a store behind shopping of causal Shoes. Lastly female are affected Store Atmosphere and decoration on a quite large proportion Purchase Decision Purchase decision * Respondents Cross tabulation Count Respondents Female Male Total Purchase decision Self-Decision only 53 68 121 Friends 28 43 71 Family 28 9 37 Shoe Brand Retailer 8 3 11 Other 7 2 9 Total 124 125 249 Description Mostly the decision is self based 50% almost. Many of the male respondents 35% base their purchase decision either by a friends recommendations/ advice or through impression. 25% of the female respondents base their decision from Family male respondents has a 7% family recommended decision. Purchase Decision regarding whether shoe attractiveness itself or Store/Brand name Purchase Decision whether shoe attractiveness itself or Store/Brand name * Respondents Cross tabulation Respondents Female Male Total Purchase Decision whether shoe attractiveness itself or Store/Brand name True 72 86 158 Not Exactly 53 39 92 Total 125 125 250 Description 63% of the respondents are in favor but branding and brand image could not be neglected. as it is evident from previous Question analysis the style and variety are extremely crucial that may compel consumers to ignore brand name but not Quality. The attractiveness maybe because of Price, style, comfort, cut, composition, of Shoes Etc Consumer satisfaction: Customer satisfaction * Respondents Cross tabulation Count Respondents Female Male Total Customer satisfaction No 12 15 27 Yes 113 110 223 Total 125 125 250 Description Respondents are asked whether they recommend their shoe brand to a friend it is assumed that positive answer (yes) will indicate satisfaction (it is to note there are many other factors causing satisfaction and dissatisfaction). Most the respondents are satisfied (Male-88%, Female-90%) Yet a few are dissatisfied though the reasons are not known. Factors that Exert influence on the Purchase Decision Price of Shoes Price of Shoes * Respondents Cross tabulation Respondents Female Male Total Price of Shoes Unimportant 7 4 11 Some-what Unimportant 17 5 22 Neither-important nor Unimportant 19 32 51 Some-what important 45 48 93 Extremely Important 37 36 73 Total 125 125 250 Quality of Shoes Quality of Shoes * Respodents Crosstabulation Count Respodents Female Male Total Quality of Shoes Neither-important nor Unimportant 9 12 21 Some-what important 37 31 68 Extremely Important 79 82 161 Total 125 125 250 Style of Shoes Style of Shoes * Respodents Crosstabulation Count Respodents Female Male Total Style of Shoes Some-what Unimportant 2 3 5 Neither-important nor Unimportant 9 4 13 Some-what important 25 35 60 Extremely Important 89 83 172 Total 125 125 250 Comfort of Shoes Comfort of Shoes * Respodents Crosstabulation Count Respodents Female Male Total Comfort of Shoes Some-what Unimportant 2 3 5 Neither-important nor Unimportant 16 25 41 Some-what important 31 25 56 Extremely Important 76 72 148 Total 125 125 250 Trend for Shoes Trend for Shoes * Respodents Crosstabulation Count Respodents Female Male Total Trend for Shoes Unimportant 0 2 2 Some-what Unimportant 8 18 26 Neither-important nor Unimportant 31 23 54 Some-what important 26 48 74 Extremely Important 60 34 94 Total 125 125 250 Individual Means By Gender and variables Price of Shoes Quality of Shoes Style of Shoes Respondents Respondents Respondents Male Female Male Female Male N 125 125 125 125 125 Mean 3.86 3.70 4.56 4.56 4.58 Std. Deviation .989 1.192 .665 .627 .674 Std. Error Mean .089 .107 .059 .056 .060 Individual Frequencies By Gender and variables (continued) Group Statistics Style of Shoes Comfort of Shoes Trend for Shoes Respondents Respondents Respondents Female Male Female Male Female N 125 125 125 125 125 Mean 4.61 4.33 4.45 3.75 4.10 Std. Deviation .694 .878 .777 1.060 .990 Std. Error Mean .062 .079 .070 .095 .089 Characteristics/Attributes of shoes appreciated by consumers Respondents Female Male Total Motivational Factors Mean Std. Deviation Mean Std. Deviation Mean Std. Deviation Price of Shoes 3.70 1.192 3.86 .989 3.78 1.096 Quality of Shoes 4.56 .627 4.56 .665 4.56 .645 Style of Shoes 4.61 .694 4.58 .674 4.60 .683 Comfort of Shoes 4.45 .777 4.33 .878 4.39 .830 Trend for Shoes 4.10 .990 3.75 1.060 3.93 1.039 Calculated t values Independent Samples Test Levenes Test for Equality of Variances t-test for Equality of Means F Sig. t df Sig. (2-tailed) Mean Difference Std. Error Difference Price of Shoes **EVA 6.669 .010 1.097 248 .274 .152 .139 ***EVNA 1.097 239.905 .274 .152 .139 Quality of Shoes **EVA .297 .586 .000 248 1.000 .000 .082 ***EVNA .000 247.171 1.000 .000 .082 Style of Shoes **EVA .013 .909 -.277 248 .782 -.024 .087 ***EVNA -.277 247.785 .782 -.024 .087 Comfort of Shoes **EVA 4.184 .042 -1.144 248 .254 -.120 .105 ***EVNA -1.144 244.417 .254 -.120 .105 Trend for Shoes **EVA .018 .894 -2.713 248 .007* -.352 .130 ***EVNA -2.713 246.869 .007 -.352 .130 *Significant according to Level of Significance at 5 % **Equal Variance Assumed ***Equal Variance not Assumed Description Motivational Factors: The calculated value of t Test statistics at 5% level of significance indicates the following findings: * The difference between Price consciousness of male and female sample for purchase of Casual shoes in Peshawar is not significant. * The difference between Quality consciousness of male and female sample for purchase of Casual shoes in Peshawar is not significant. * The difference between Style consciousness of male and female sample for purchase of Casual shoes in Peshawar is not significant. * The difference between Comfort consciousness of male and female sample for purchase of Casual shoes in Peshawar is not significant. * The difference between Trend consciousness of male and female sample for purchase of Casual shoes in Peshawar is significant. The present study indicates that there is no significant difference of price, style, Quality and comfort consciousness for purchase of Casual shoes between male and female consumers but there is significant difference of Trend consciousness for purchase of Casual shoes between male and female consumers. Over all analysis of the study In literature review author said that the consumer having two types of buying decision processes one is complex, it is nothing but highly involved (Kotler, 1994). When the consumer is highly involving then it will be very risky so, this point has matched with the literature review and empirical implication. Even in high price and highly involved in particular product. In literature review author said that the buying process starts with need recognition, where as buyer recognize the need. The buyer will take decision is depends on his or her internal stimuli, according to the internal and external stimuli the buyer will take the decision (Hawkins, Coney, 1998). At the same time in the empirical findings they will purchase for their own personal use and also it is depends on his/her internal and external stimuli to buy the products. More over the literature is saying about the consumer are different type demographically, gender wise, tastes and preference wise, buyers having different opinion when they will purchase any kind of product in the market. Some times they will go for family decision and sometimes they will take the decision individually. Depends on the buyers behavior product will be chosen. (Dash, 2005) In empirical findings the students are satisfying at the same time they are using the branded shoes, but not always, some times they are going for others shoes also family decisions. Ultimately the student or consumer is giving preference to brand. This point is matched with literature review. Finally, the brand makes the real difference. In empirical findings the buyer will take the decision, when he/she need, so in one point of view the consumers are using Nike product often, so what ever reasons are, so it depends on internal and external stimuli. The Consumers are different types so in literature review when categorized the Complex buying behavior of consumers will react about the products like the consumer feels expensive, risky to purchase frequently and are highly expensive. The dissonance consumers always think that reduces the risk of buying. The variety seeking consumers will behave differently and their involvements reference to context (Kotler, 1994) in empirical findings students are thinking in different way that they responded the price of Nike shoe are high, so, they are purchasing infrequently, finally they are saying to decrease the cost. The Consumers take the decision while they purchase the product, this decision process differs from consumer to consumer, first they recognize the need or want then they search for information in the existing market to purchase more effective product, While purchasing the product they use the personal and public sources to purchase the product, finally evaluate the alternative product to purchase. The consumers behavior will be different when they purchase the product and after purchasing the product (Gily and Gelb, 1986) in empirical analysis the students are saying that before purchasing the shoe they are looking for the personal (friends family) and public (media) sources, if it is not available in the market they go for alternative shoe products. Conclusion Concerning the investigation question arisen in the research: What are the main differences on casual shoes consumer buying behaviour according to gender? and, since it was rejected for Style Quality pricing and Comfort the hypothesis of investigation that did not defended the existence of differences on the consumer buying behaviour according to gender, it is noticed, in what concerns what one buys, that both men and women mostly prefer shoes that may highlight their physical attributes. Women and men appreciate first of all style and Quality, followed by comfort, As for how one buys, women go shopping mostly by impulse and bring someone (Family), while men do it by necessity and almost always alone. Respecting the question where one buys, he prefers to buy his Shoes in stores that display an appealing and pleasant atmosphere, where low prices, quality and variety are highlighted both by women and men, although in a different order. The conclusion is based on empirical data and whole research, over all there are no differences in attitudes among the respondents on buying behavior towards casual shoes. There is similar type of answers given by male and female students, after performing the study the result shows that the opinion only differs in Trend between male and female students. Majority of the female students are strongly in favor for trendy shoes. In order to achieve profitability both for stores and firms, the quality of the service have to outperform that of the regular shopping experience. Since university students want Quality and Style more as compared to prices there is a need to provide and communicate the optimum level of satisfaction. The store ranking is because the variety, quality and atmosphere of Store.